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| A raised portion of a surface caused by separation of the outer
layers of the parent material or of a coating applied to it.
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| (1) The adhesion of one surface to another, with or without
the use of an adhesive as a bonding agent. The sticking together of
two or more surfaces with or without glue. See ASTM D 907.
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| (2) To join together with an adhesive and/or by fusing the resins
of impregnated materials.
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| The structure resulting when a combination of parts is assembled
and intimately attached to each other by applying a structural adhesive
to the faying surfaces, followed by the curing of the adhesives by
pressure, heat, or both.
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| The layer of adhesive that attaches two adherends. See ASTM
D 907.
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| Cracking in the adhesive layer as a result of strain.
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| The unit load applied in tension, compression, flexure, peel,
impact, or sheer required to break an adhesively bonded assembly.
The failure will occur either within the adhesive or at the adhesive-adherent
interface.
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| Indentation of the surface by concentrated loads or impact.
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| A change in the elasticity or resilience of the parent material,
usually caused by aging, extreme cold, chemical action, or cold-working.
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| Cold worked hard such as Packing Pre-formed (O-Ring)
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| A large-scale deformation of the original contour of a part,
usually caused by pressure or impact from a foreign object, structural
stresses, excessive localized heating, high-pressure differentials,
or any combinations of these.
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| Dent (not to be confused with small-area defect in heavy material)
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| Rupture (result of excessive buckling) Uneven
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| A rapid, destructive, oxidizing action, usually caused by higher
temperature than the parent material can withstand. Change in color
appearance often indicates this condition.
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| Smoothing of a metal surface by mechanical action, but without
a loss of material. Generally found on plain bearing surface. Surface
discoloration is sometimes visible around the outer edges. Normal
burnishing from operational service is not detrimental if the coverage
approximates the carrying load and there is not evidence of burns.
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| A rough edge or a sharp protrusion on the edge or surface of
the parent material.
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| Waves or ripples on a machined surface, in the direction of
the cut, caused by a loose or dull cutting tool, or a tool that is
not rigidly supported.
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| A breaking away of the edge of the parent material, usually
caused by heavy impact from a foreign object.
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| Nick (similar to "Chip" but no parent material is removed).
Notched spalling (usually a broken-away flat surface).
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| A casting defect resulting from metal flowing into an area from
2 directions, thereby forming a discontinuity at the meeting line.
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| A mass of small pits which cumulatively create a large, shallow
cavity (usually rough in the surface of the parent material).
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| A parting, separation, or discontinuity in the parent material.
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| A parting of parent metal, or of the metal in a welded zone.
Parent metal crack limits include all cracks in the parent metal beyond
the heat-affected zone, as measured 1/8 inch from the weld fusion
line. Weld cracks limits include all cracks in the heat-affected zone.
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| A mesh of minute hairline cracks found in glazed or baked-on
coated surfaces, generally caused by temperature change or by deformation
of parent metal. Cracks do not penetrate into parent metal.
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| Gradual continuous distortion or plastic flow under constant
stress.
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| Any alteration or change of shape, dimension, or configuration
resulting from stress or damage.
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| Separation of the layers of material in a laminate, either locally
or covering a wide area. Delamination can occur in the cure or in
the subsequent life of the material. See ASTM D 907 and ISO 472.
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| A layer of sediment which can appear to change the contour
of the object, but with no actual damage/deformation to the parent
material.
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| A completely smooth surface depression caused by pressure or
impact from a smooth, rounded foreign object. The parent material
is displaced, but is not separated.
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| Any condition that causes a part to differ from the manufacturer's
blueprint.
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| An area within a bonded interface between two adherents in which
an adhesion failure or separation has occurred. Disbonds may occur
at any time during the life of the structure and may arise from a
wide variety of causes.
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| Area of separation between two laminae
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| An interruption in the normal physical structure or configuration
of a part.
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| Any twisting, bending or permanent strain that results in misalignment
or change of shape.
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| Gradual wearing away of a surface caused by a fluid (gas or
liquid) flowing over the surface. Wear is generally caused by fine
particles of foreign material entrained in hot engine gases flowing
at a high velocity.
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| The progressive fracture of a material under cyclic stress loading.
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| To separate the threads at the end of a piece of composite fabric
or cloth.
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| Wearing away by low-amplitude rubbing against another metal
(generally associated with press fit or close fitting parts).
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| A defect caused by the movement of 2 surfaces in contact with
each other. In most cases, an accumu-lation of foreign material is
deposited on the parent material.
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| A wide, rough scratch or group of scratches, usually with one
or more sharply incised corners, and frequently accompanied by deformation
or removal of parent material.
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| A long, narrow, continuous depression caused by pressure of
a moving surface in contact with the parent material.
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| If depression is shallow and smooth, see "Wear"; if depression
is sharp, see "Scratch".
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| Displaced metal adjacent to a defect such as a scratch, nick
or gouge, which is raised above the surrounding surface.
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| Hot Gas Corrosion (Sulfida-tion)
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| The corrosion of unprotected metal (with no coating) that has
been exposed to hot gases. When first exposed, the surface becomes
rough and appears to be pitted and pock-marked. Also, there is a noticeable
difference in the colors of the exposed and unexposed surfaces. Further
exposure of surface to hot gases causes it to blister and, in time,
flake off in layers.
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| This kind of corrosion differs from that normally found on surfaces
attacked only by salt in the atmosphere. In hot gas corrosion, the
hot gases convert sulphur to sulfide in the presence of salt. The
metal is attacked by the resulting deposits.
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| The state of being out-of balance. Unequal distribution of weight
about the axis of rotation, which usually results in vibration.
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| Foreign material embedded in metal during solidification, or
formed by subsequent reaction of the solid metal.
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| The visible evidence that a material defect exists, even though
the defect itself may not be visible to the naked eye.
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| Abnormal movement of a part, or insufficient securing of a part.
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| The accidental splash of molten material that adheres to a surface
when cooled.
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| A mismatching or malformation of any part which either prevents
perfect assembly or results in faulty operation and/or ultimate failure.
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| A surface impression with sharp corners or bottom, usually caused
by pressure or impact from a sharp-edged object. The parent material
is displaced, but usually none is separated.
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| Term used to describe surface defects that can be seen but not
felt with fingernail or scriberpoint.
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| An abnormal sound involving moving parts, usually an increase
in volume or a change of pitch.
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| Prevention of free flow of fluid (air, oil, fuel, water) because
of foreign material in the flow-path or malformation of the part.
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| Oil-canning (snapping action)
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| Snapping or popping displacement of sheet metal when restrained
at its edges like a diaphragm, wall, or bottom of an oil can.
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| All material in a single part except the weld, braze filler,
or heat-affected zone (within 1/8 inch [3.2 mm] of the fusion line).
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| Transfer of one material into or onto the surface of another
in contact with it, usually as a result of friction-heating.
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| Distortion of one or more surfaces of the parent material, caused
by pressure.
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| Smashed (without separation into pieces)
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| Very small pits or holes caused by the evolution of gas from
a metal during solidification or after chemical treatment.
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| A minute depression or cavity having no sharp, high-stress corners
in the surface of the material. Pits are usually caused by chemical
reaction (rusting, chemical corrosion).
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| Areas containing numerous pits or pinholes
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| A surface depression or displacement caused by 2 surfaces moving
while in contact with each other.
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| If impression is shallow and smooth, see "Wear". If impression
is sharp, see "Scratch".
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| A layer of metallic oxides formed by chemical action of oxygen
on the exposed surface of the metal, usually while hot.
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| A long, narrow, sharp-cornered impression caused by the movement
of a sharp object across the surface of the parent material.
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| A welding or binding of faces which prevent further movement.
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| Welded (without external heating)
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| Twice a month at equally spaced intervals
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| Twice a week at equally spaced intervals
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| A smooth, large-area depression in the parent material.
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| Cracking off or flaking off of small particles of metal from
the surface, usually in thin layers or localized spots.
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| A crack-like separation caused by too much tensile shear force,
usually the result of abusive machining or metal-removal.
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| The act of putting a balanced component out-of-balance. Usually
"Imbalance" is meant.
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| A hard surface-film of partially carbonized hydro-carbon, such
as oil, which is built up when the part is heated to or above the
breakdown point of the fluid.
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| Relatively slow removal of parent material in the process of
operation (not always visible to the naked eye).
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| A faint residue on a surface which does not effect form
or function of a component.
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